The Place des Terreaux is a square located in the centre of Lyon, France on the Presqu'île between the Rhône and the Saône, at the foot of the hill of La Croix-Rousse in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon.[1] The square belongs to the zone classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
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The square is bordered :
In 1206, associations of merchants of Lyon ran to Archbishop Renaud II de Forez who failed to comply with the charter signed in 1195 by violating the agreements made in respect of tax on goods. To protect the village of Saint-Nizier from ecclesiastical power, the bourgeois of Lyon then decided to raise a wall at the foot of the hill Saint-Sébastien (slope of the Croix-Rousse) and a tower on the Saône to control the bridge of Change, which was the sole passage between Saint-Nizier and Saint-Jean (a parish on the west side of the Saône, in Vieux Lyon). de Forez intervened by force of arms in 1208 and peace came back through the intervention of Pope Innocent III.
However, Renaud de Forez and his successors continued the works undertaken by the bourgeois of Lyon, in order to protect the city from a potential attack by the Dombes. A two-metre thick and ten-metre high new wall was built between the Saône and Rhône. Approximately 500 metres long, this enclosure was pierced by two gates defended by drawbridges (la Porte de la Pêcherie o the Saône et la porte de la Lanterne) and protected by ten towers. A crenelated walk and five stone booths allowed soldiers to watch at the top. The main wall was separated by a 22-metre ditch from another two-metre wall located to the north. In the fourteenth century, a third structure built into the slope was added to this device, then in the beginning of the 15th century, a new structure built on the Saint Sébastien hilltop and consisting of a mound of earth protected by wood towers was also added.[2] In case of siege, the ditch, which took the name of Terralia nova (Fossés of Terreaux or Fossés de la Lanterne), could be filled with water. This one entered when needed in a succession of basins, called channel Neyron, dug laterally to the Rhone.
Under normal circumstances, the crossbowmen, then culverinmen used ditches as a training location, first on the Saône side, then from 1533 on the Rhône side.
In the 16th century, the walls crumbled. In 1538, the demolition of the enclosure was initiated. The ditch located on the Saône side was filled later to build the Boucherie de la Lanterne. In 1555, the nuns of the convent Saint-Pierre were allowed to use the stones of the wall to repair the monastery. In 1578, the lands of the current Place des Terreaux were filled and in 1617, the former ditch eventually disappeared with the development of the gardens of city hall on which the Opera stand today.
Between 1646 and 1651, Simon Maupin built on the eastern side of the square the Hôtel de ville de Lyon, rebuilt by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, after the fire of 1674. In the 17th century, the nuns of Saint-Pierre rebuilt their convent, which became in 1803 the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon.
On this square was beheaded the Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, who was a conspirator against Richelieu. During the French Revolution, the guillotine was installed and running at full speed during the tenure of Marie Joseph Chalier. After the siege of Lyon, 79 people were also beheaded.
In the second half of the 19th century, accesses to the site were expanded to incorporate them to the restructuring plan of the peninsula led by the Claude-Marius Vaïsse. In 1855, the passing of Terreaux was open between the square and the Lanterne street. The prefect also planned to drill a new street in the north axis of the Palais Saint-Pierre, but this project was never realized.
At the center of the square, the municipal officials inaugurated on 22 September 1891 an allegorical fountain of Saône, made by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi. The group sculpted called 'Char triomphant de la Garonne' represents the Garonne and its four tributaries jumping into the ocean, all of which are symbolized by a woman leading a Quadriga. After the 1889 Exposition Universelle, the monument became too expensive for the city of Bordeaux and was bought in 1890 by the Mayor of Lyon, Antoine Gailleton.
The square was redeveloped in 1994 by architect and urban planner Christian Drevet and artist Daniel Buren, including an orthogonal rotation of 69 jets of water lined with 14 pillars. To build the underground parking of the square, the fountain was originally located in front of city hall, then moved to its current location in the axis of the palace Saint-Pierre.
On 29 September 1995, the square was classified as a monument historique.
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